William Trufant Foster on Debate and Definition
Argumentation and Debating (Houghton Mifflin Co.: 1908), pp. 145-6.
We have seen that the first step in argument is the interpretation of
the proposition in order to resolve it into its essential parts; and we
have seen that a first step in any such interpretation must be the
definition of terms. Many fallacies are due to inadequate definition of
terms, for the most dangerous source of verbal confusion and consequent dispute is our failure to set forth our meaning
with perfect clearness, and the more subtle the misinterpretation, the
greater the danger. The study and practice of argumentation is sure to
reveal innumerable chances for confusion due to the lack of
satisfactory definitions. We can seldom proceed far in any argument, no
matter how simple it may seem to be, without feeling the necessity for
this preliminary work of exposition. Without the protection of
painstaking definitions, no point in an argument is proof against the
insidious fallacies of ambiguity. When the two sides in a controversy
use the same terms with different meanings or different terms with the
same meaning; when colleagues are not agreed and consistent in the use
of terms; when any man employs a term in one sense and later shifts to
another sense, the result is a confusion which may carry in its train
whole troops of fallacies. Clear and convincing definitions are
fundamental requisites of sound argument.
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